{"id":3623,"date":"2026-09-29T10:10:26","date_gmt":"2026-09-29T03:10:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/?p=3623"},"modified":"2026-09-29T10:23:55","modified_gmt":"2026-09-29T03:23:55","slug":"dung-muoi-de-xu-ly-nitrit-trong-ao-nuoi-ca","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/dung-muoi-de-xu-ly-nitrit-trong-ao-nuoi-ca\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00f9ng mu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd NITRIT trong ao nu\u00f4i c\u00e1"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class='dt-toc collapse'><div class='toc-wrapper'><div class='toc-header'><h3 id=\"tom-tat-noi-dung\">T\u00f3m t\u1eaft n\u1ed9i dung<\/h3><span class='act'><\/span><\/div><div class=\"toc-content\"><div class=\"toc-item has-child-toc\"><a href=\"#1-co-so-khoa-hoc\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:3px solid #4a9d3f\">1. C\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/a><div class=\"list-child-toc\"><div ><a href=\"#1-1-nguong-nitrit-khuyen-cao\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">1.1. Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng nitrit khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o<\/span><\/a><\/div><div ><a href=\"#1-2-co-che-gay-doc\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">1.2. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span><\/a><\/div><div ><a href=\"#1-3-cac-yeu-to-moi-truong-lam-tang-doc-tinh\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">1.3. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/span><\/a><\/div><div ><a href=\"#1-4-dau-hieu-nhan-biet-tren-ca\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">1.4. D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft tr\u00ean c\u00e1<\/span><\/a><\/div><div ><a href=\"#1-5-anh-huong-lau-dai-ke-ca-o-muc-nhe\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">1.5. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c nh\u1eb9<\/span><\/a><\/div><div ><a href=\"#1-6-vi-sao-muoi-lam-giam-duoc-doc-tinh-cua-nitrit\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">1.6. V\u00ec sao mu\u1ed1i l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nitrit<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"toc-item has-child-toc\"><a href=\"#2-cong-thuc-tinh-luong-muoi-can-dung\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:3px solid #4a9d3f\">2. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng mu\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng<\/span><\/a><div class=\"list-child-toc\"><div ><a href=\"#2-1-cong-thuc\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">2.1. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/a><\/div><div ><a href=\"#2-2-giai-thich-tung-thanh-phan\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">2.2. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/a><\/div><div ><a href=\"#2-3-vi-du-tinh-mau\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">2.3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u00ednh m\u1eabu<\/span><\/a><\/div><div ><a href=\"#2-4-bang-tra-nhanh-lieu-muoi-cho-1-000-m%c2%b3-gia-dinh-cl%e2%81%bbao-0\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">2.4. B\u1ea3ng tra nhanh li\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1i cho 1.000 m\u00b3 (gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh Cl\u207b<sub>ao<\/sub> = 0)<\/span><\/a><\/div><div ><a href=\"#2-5-gioi-han-cua-bien-phap-bon-dieu-can-phai-nho\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">2.5. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p: b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"toc-item has-child-toc\"><a href=\"#3-tan-suat-su-dung-va-cac-luu-y-quan-trong\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:3px solid #4a9d3f\">3. T\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u01b0u \u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng<\/span><\/a><div class=\"list-child-toc\"><div ><a href=\"#3-1-danh-bu-khi-thay-nuoc\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">3.1. \u0110\u00e1nh b\u00f9 khi thay n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/a><\/div><div ><a href=\"#3-2-danh-bu-khi-nitrit-lap-dinh-moi\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">3.2. \u0110\u00e1nh b\u00f9 khi nitrit l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec9nh m\u1edbi<\/span><\/a><\/div><div ><a href=\"#3-3-danh-muoi-lien-tuc-khong-han-la-tot\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">3.3. \u0110\u00e1nh mu\u1ed1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t<\/span><\/a><\/div><div ><a href=\"#3-4-cach-danh-muoi\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">3.4. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh mu\u1ed1i<\/span><\/a><\/div><div ><a href=\"#3-5-duy-tri-chloride-nen-nhu-mot-khoan-bao-hiem\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">3.5. Duy tr\u00ec chloride n\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n \u201cb\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m\u201d<\/span><\/a><\/div><div ><a href=\"#3-6-lua-chon-thay-the-canxi-clorua-cacl2\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">3.6. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thay th\u1ebf: canxi clorua (CaCl<sub>2<\/sub>)<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"toc-item has-child-toc\"><a href=\"#4-muoi-hat-muoi-tinh-va-nuoc-ot\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:3px solid #4a9d3f\">4. Mu\u1ed1i h\u1ea1t, mu\u1ed1i tinh v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t<\/span><\/a><div class=\"list-child-toc\"><div ><a href=\"#4-1-su-khac-biet-cua-ba-loai\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">4.1. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ba lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/a><\/div><div ><a href=\"#4-2-bang-so-sanh-thanh-phan\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">4.2. B\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/a><\/div><div ><a href=\"#4-3-cong-thuc-tinh-luong-nuoc-ot\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">4.3. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t<\/span><\/a><\/div><div ><a href=\"#4-4-luu-y-khi-su-dung-nuoc-ot\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">4.4. L\u01b0u \u00fd khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"toc-item\"><a href=\"#5-xu-ly-tan-goc-nguon-phat-sinh-nitrit\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:3px solid #4a9d3f\">5. X\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t sinh nitrit<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"toc-item\"><a href=\"#tai-lieu-tham-khao\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:3px solid #4a9d3f\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div><div class='toc-trigger'><a href='#toctrigger'><svg xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg' class='ionicon' viewBox='0 0 512 512'><title>List<\/title><path fill='none' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-width='20' d='M160 144h288M160 256h288M160 368h288'\/><circle cx='80' cy='144' r='16' fill='none' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-width='20'\/><circle cx='80' cy='256' r='16' fill='none' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-width='20'\/><circle cx='80' cy='368' r='16' fill='none' stroke='currentColor' stroke-linecap='round' stroke-linejoin='round' stroke-width='20'\/><\/svg><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"post-content\"><style>.gf-scroll{overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}.gf-scroll-in{min-width:100%}.gf-swipe{display:none;font-size:0.85em}.gf-tablewrap table{width:100%}@media (max-width:640px){.gf-scroll-in{min-width:660px}.gf-swipe{display:block}.gf-ripple{display:none}.gf-fig{margin:16px 0}.gf-tablewrap::after{content:\"Vu\\1ED1 t ngang \\111 \\1EC3  xem \\111 \\1EE7  b\\1EA3 ng\";display:block;font-size:0.85em;color:#7a8a80;text-align:center;margin-top:6px}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.gf-ripple{display:none}}<\/style>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">Nitrit (NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong ao nu\u00f4i th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n th\u00e2m canh b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh amoniac v\u00e0 oxy h\u00f2a tan. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng mu\u1ed1i (NaCl) ho\u1eb7c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t \u0111\u1ec3 trung h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nitrit \u2014 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p <strong>c\u1ea5p c\u1ee9u nhanh, r\u1ebb v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n<\/strong>, nh\u01b0ng l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y <strong>kh\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t sinh nitrit.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"gf-fig\" style=\"margin:22px 0;padding:0\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" viewBox=\"0 0 1600 834\" width=\"100%\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block\" data-gf-anim=\"1\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Nitrit t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng mang c\u00e1 v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ion kho\u00e1ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7\"><title>Nitrit (NO\u2082\u207b) t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng mang c\u00e1 \u2013 ion chloride v\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1eeda h\u1ea5p thu<\/title><g opacity=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"opacity\" values=\"0;1\" dur=\"0.9s\" begin=\"0s\" fill=\"freeze\"\/><g transform=\"translate(800.0,417.0)\"><g transform=\"scale(1.05)\"><animateTransform attributeName=\"transform\" type=\"scale\" values=\"1.05;1\" dur=\"1.1s\" begin=\"0s\" fill=\"freeze\" calcMode=\"spline\" keySplines=\"0.2 0.7 0.3 1\"\/><image href=\"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/nitrit-tan-cong-mang-ca.jpg\" x=\"-800.0\" y=\"-417.0\" width=\"1600\" height=\"834\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/g><g transform=\"translate(533,447)\"><g opacity=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"opacity\" values=\"0;1\" dur=\"0.55s\" begin=\"1.0s\" fill=\"freeze\"\/><g><animateTransform attributeName=\"transform\" type=\"scale\" values=\"0.45;1.12;1\" keyTimes=\"0;0.65;1\" dur=\"0.7s\" begin=\"1.0s\" 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height=\"139\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/g><g transform=\"translate(226,498)\"><g opacity=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"opacity\" values=\"0;1\" dur=\"0.55s\" begin=\"2.65s\" fill=\"freeze\"\/><g><animateTransform attributeName=\"transform\" type=\"translate\" values=\"-154.7,-70.6;0,0\" dur=\"0.9s\" begin=\"2.65s\" fill=\"freeze\" calcMode=\"spline\" keySplines=\"0.16 0.8 0.3 1\"\/><g><animateTransform attributeName=\"transform\" type=\"scale\" values=\"0.45;1.12;1\" keyTimes=\"0;0.65;1\" dur=\"0.7s\" begin=\"2.65s\" fill=\"freeze\" calcMode=\"spline\" keySplines=\"0.2 0.8 0.3 1;0.4 0 0.2 1\"\/><g><animateTransform attributeName=\"transform\" type=\"translate\" values=\"0,0;0,-8;0,4.8;0,0\" dur=\"4.1s\" begin=\"2.65s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\" calcMode=\"spline\" keySplines=\"0.4 0 0.6 1;0.4 0 0.6 1;0.4 0 0.6 1\"\/><image href=\"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/phan-tu-nitrit-no2-4.png\" x=\"-47\" y=\"-47\" width=\"141\" height=\"95\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/g><circle cx=\"300\" cy=\"760\" r=\"9\" fill=\"#ffffff\" opacity=\"0.0\"><animate attributeName=\"cy\" values=\"760;500\" dur=\"9s\" begin=\"0s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><animate attributeName=\"opacity\" values=\"0;0.28;0.22;0\" dur=\"9s\" begin=\"0s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/circle><circle cx=\"1180\" cy=\"780\" r=\"7\" fill=\"#ffffff\" opacity=\"0.0\"><animate attributeName=\"cy\" values=\"780;520\" dur=\"11s\" begin=\"2s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><animate attributeName=\"opacity\" values=\"0;0.28;0.22;0\" dur=\"11s\" begin=\"2s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/circle><circle cx=\"560\" cy=\"800\" r=\"6\" fill=\"#ffffff\" opacity=\"0.0\"><animate attributeName=\"cy\" values=\"800;540\" dur=\"10s\" begin=\"4s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><animate attributeName=\"opacity\" values=\"0;0.28;0.22;0\" dur=\"10s\" begin=\"4s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/circle><circle cx=\"1330\" cy=\"690\" r=\"8\" fill=\"#ffffff\" opacity=\"0.0\"><animate attributeName=\"cy\" values=\"690;430\" dur=\"12s\" begin=\"1s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><animate attributeName=\"opacity\" values=\"0;0.28;0.22;0\" dur=\"12s\" begin=\"1s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/circle><circle cx=\"220\" cy=\"640\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#ffffff\" opacity=\"0.0\"><animate attributeName=\"cy\" values=\"640;380\" dur=\"9s\" begin=\"6s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><animate attributeName=\"opacity\" values=\"0;0.28;0.22;0\" dur=\"9s\" begin=\"6s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/circle><\/svg><figcaption style=\"margin-top:8px;color:#4c5a51;font-style:italic;text-align:center;line-height:1.5\">Nitrit (NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b) \u0111i qua mang v\u00e0o m\u00e1u c\u00e1; chloride v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ion kho\u00e1ng c\u1ea1nh tranh ngay t\u1ea1i c\u1eeda h\u1ea5p thu \u0111\u00f3.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"1-co-so-khoa-hoc\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:3px solid #4a9d3f\">1. C\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"1-1-nguong-nitrit-khuyen-cao\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">1.1. Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng nitrit khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">N\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 nitrit khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nu\u00f4i c\u00e1 l\u00e0 <strong>d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,15 mg\/L t\u00ednh theo nitrit-nit\u01a1 (NO<sub>2<\/sub>-N)<\/strong>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng <strong>0,5 mg\/L n\u1ebfu \u0111o theo ion NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b<\/strong>. Nitrit \u0111\u1ed9c h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi nitrat v\u00e0, \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ed9c h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 amoniac.<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#e9f5e3;border-left:5px solid #0b6b34;border-radius:6px;padding:14px 18px;margin:18px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 6px;color:#0b6b34;font-weight:700\"><strong>Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c: NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b v\u00e0 NO<sub>2<\/sub>-N<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 6px;line-height:1.6\">Hai c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb n\u00e0y ch\u00eanh nhau <strong>3,28 l\u1ea7n<\/strong>: NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b (ion) = 3,28 \u00d7 NO<sub>2<\/sub>-N. \u0110a s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 test nhanh ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng (Sera, API, Tetra) hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb <strong>ion NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b<\/strong>; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00e1y quang ph\u1ed5 v\u00e0 phi\u1ebfu k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 <strong>NO<sub>2<\/sub>-N<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ecdc nh\u1ea7m \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1ebd l\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng mu\u1ed1i t\u00ednh ra thi\u1ebfu t\u1edbi 3,3 l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1 v\u1eabn ch\u1ebft d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh mu\u1ed1i. <strong>To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y theo ion NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b. N\u1ebfu thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u00e1o NO<sub>2<\/sub>-N, h\u00e3y nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi 3,28 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"1-2-co-che-gay-doc\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">1.2. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9c<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 v\u00e0o m\u00e1u qua mang, nitrit k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi hemoglobin t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh <strong>methemoglobin<\/strong> (\u1edf gi\u00e1p x\u00e1c \u2013 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 cua, t\u00f4m &#8211; l\u00e0 met-hemocyanin) \u2014 l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 <strong>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n oxy<\/strong>. M\u00e1u c\u00e1 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecf sang n\u00e2u, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00e2n gian g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ec7nh m\u00e1u n\u00e2u\u201d. C\u00e1 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu oxy m\u00f4 ngay c\u1ea3 khi oxy h\u00f2a tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nitrit l\u00ean h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p <em>\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t khi oxy h\u00f2a tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea5p<\/em>, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do c\u00e1c ca ch\u1ebft c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh do nitrit th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o r\u1ea1ng s\u00e1ng, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m oxy \u0111\u00e1y ao xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"1-3-cac-yeu-to-moi-truong-lam-tang-doc-tinh\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">1.3. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"margin:0 0 14px 22px;line-height:1.65\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>Oxy h\u00f2a tan (DO) th\u1ea5p: <\/strong>l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu oxy m\u00f4 do methemoglobin g\u00e2y ra. Duy tr\u00ec DO tr\u00ean 4 mg\/L l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t khi ao c\u00f3 NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b cao.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>pH th\u1ea5p: <\/strong>\u1edf pH d\u01b0\u1edbi 7, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nitrit t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng axit nitr\u01a1 (HNO<sub>2<\/sub>) kh\u00f4ng t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n, th\u1ea5m qua m\u00e0ng mang d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi ion NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b. C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ao pH 6,5 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u01a1n ao pH 8.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao: <\/strong>t\u0103ng nhu c\u1ea7u oxy c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan oxy trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u2192 nguy hi\u1ec3m cho c\u00e1.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 chloride n\u1ec1n th\u1ea5p: <\/strong>ao n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 ao m\u00e0 c\u00e1 nu\u00f4i d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb nitrit g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"1-4-dau-hieu-nhan-biet-tren-ca\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">1.4. D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft tr\u00ean c\u00e1<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"margin:0 0 14px 22px;line-height:1.65\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">N\u1eafp mang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, nhanh v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">C\u00e1 l\u1edd \u0111\u1edd, t\u1eadp trung g\u1ea7n n\u01a1i c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y, qu\u1ea1t n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c n\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y th\u00eam oxy.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">Mang chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0u n\u00e2u ho\u1eb7c n\u00e2u nh\u1ea1t thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecf t\u01b0\u01a1i; m\u00e1u khi c\u1eaft ra c\u00f3 m\u00e0u n\u00e2u s\u1eabm.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">M\u1ea5t th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng, b\u01a1i l\u1ec7ch v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u0103n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">N\u1ebfu k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, c\u00e1 nhanh ch\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec5m c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh th\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ed1i v\u00e2y, th\u1ed1i mang, k\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec5m khu\u1ea9n n\u1eb7ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">M\u00e0u m\u00e1u n\u00e2u l\u00e0 <strong>ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 nghi ng\u1edd ao \u0111ang nhi\u1ec5m nitrit, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng test n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"1-5-anh-huong-lau-dai-ke-ca-o-muc-nhe\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">1.5. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c nh\u1eb9<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">C\u00e1 b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh m\u00e1u n\u00e2u s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i kh\u00e1 nhanh khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nitrit th\u1ea5p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 ch\u1eadm t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c \u0103n (FCR) t\u0103ng, d\u1ec5 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">V\u1edbi <strong>\u0111\u00e0n c\u00e1 b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9<\/strong>, ngay c\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c nitrit \u1edf m\u1ee9c nh\u1eb9 ho\u1eb7c m\u00e3n t\u00ednh c\u0169ng g\u00e2y thi\u1ebfu oxy m\u00f4 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p no\u00e3n ho\u00e0ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ee9ng, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 r\u1ee5ng tr\u1ee9ng, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ee5 tinh v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 b\u1ed9t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ao c\u00e1 b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nitrit ch\u1eb7t h\u01a1n ao nu\u00f4i th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"1-6-vi-sao-muoi-lam-giam-duoc-doc-tinh-cua-nitrit\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">1.6. V\u00ec sao mu\u1ed1i l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nitrit<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 <strong>ion chloride (Cl\u207b) v\u00e0 ion nitrit (NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b) c\u00f9ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u1ea5p thu t\u1ea1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o chloride tr\u00ean mang c\u00e1<\/strong>. Hai ion c\u1ea1nh tranh nhau t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u1eeda v\u00e0o\u201d.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin:0 0 14px 22px;line-height:1.65\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">Khi n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 chloride trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee7 cao, Cl\u207b chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n nitrit \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u00e1u c\u00e1\/t\u00f4m.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">V\u00ec v\u1eady, b\u1ed5 sung mu\u1ed1i <strong>kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i nitrit trong ao<\/strong>, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 <strong>v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/strong> c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh mu\u1ed1i v\u1eabn s\u1ebd cao \u2014 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"2-cong-thuc-tinh-luong-muoi-can-dung\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:3px solid #4a9d3f\">2. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng mu\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"2-1-cong-thuc\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">2.1. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/span><\/h3>\n<div style=\"background:#0b4028;color:#fff;border-radius:8px;padding:18px;margin:18px 0;text-align:center\">\n<p style=\"margin:0;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0.3px\"><strong>M (kg) = V \u00f7 1.000 \u00d7 [ (10 \u00d7 NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b) \u2212 Cl\u207b<sub>ao<\/sub> ] \u00d7 K<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:8px 0 0;opacity:0.9;line-height:1.55\"><em>N\u1ebfu gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong ngo\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng 0 ho\u1eb7c \u00e2m th\u00ec chloride trong ao \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u2014 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh mu\u1ed1i.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\"><strong>Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin:0 0 14px 22px;line-height:1.65\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>M<\/strong> \u2014 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng mu\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng (kg).<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>V<\/strong> \u2014 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch n\u01b0\u1edbc ao nu\u00f4i (m\u00b3).<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b<\/strong> \u2014 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nitrit d\u1ea1ng ion \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (mg\/L). <strong><em>N\u1ebfu m\u00e1y b\u00e1o NO<sub>2<\/sub>-N th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e2n 3,28 tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em><\/strong> khi \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>Cl\u207b<sub>ao<\/sub><\/strong> \u2014 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chloride <strong>\u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/strong> trong ao (mg\/L), b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9 test chloride ho\u1eb7c chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed9 AgNO<sub>3<\/sub>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o chloride<\/strong>, \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n: Cl\u207b<sub>ao<\/sub> \u2248 550 \u00d7 S, v\u1edbi S l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n (\u2030). V\u1edbi ao n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n (S \u2248 0), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y Cl\u207b<sub>ao<\/sub> = 0, c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y h\u01a1i d\u01b0 mu\u1ed1i nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n an to\u00e0n cho c\u00e1.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>K<\/strong> \u2014 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1i: <strong>1,7 v\u1edbi mu\u1ed1i tinh (mu\u1ed1i \u0103n)<\/strong> v\u00e0 <strong>1,8 v\u1edbi mu\u1ed1i h\u1ea1t<\/strong> th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"2-2-giai-thich-tung-thanh-phan\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">2.2. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\"><strong>a) V\u00ec sao nh\u00e2n h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b v\u1edbi 10<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">S\u1ed1 10 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 <strong>t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 chloride : nitrit t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/strong> c\u1ea7n duy tr\u00ec trong ao. Duy tr\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 10:1 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n nitrit x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1 <em>(SRAC Publication No. 462)<\/em>; n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cao h\u01a1n th\u00ec thay s\u1ed1 10 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">C\u1ea7n <strong>t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ion 16 Cl\u207b : 1 NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf <em>ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/em> qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o methemoglobin. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1 ph\u01a1i nhi\u1ec5m 1,0 \/ 2,5 \/ 5,0 mg\/L nitrit kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng methemoglobin khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi 25 \/ 50 \/ 100 mg\/L NaCl <em>(Tomasso, Simco &amp; Davis, 1979)<\/em>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady 10:1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng <strong>t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u<\/strong>, c\u00f2n 16:1 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng <strong>tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/strong> \u2014 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 cho khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o n\u00e2ng l\u00ean 15:1 \u2013 20:1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\"><strong>b) V\u00ec sao ph\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb chloride s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 trong ao<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">Ao \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chloride n\u1ec1n, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n b\u00f9 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Ao n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 10 \u2013 30 mg\/L chloride t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">C\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 v\u1edbi <strong>\u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n<\/strong>: \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 mu\u1ed1i h\u00f2a tan, t\u00ednh theo \u2030 (1\u2030 = 1.000 mg\/L t\u1ed5ng mu\u1ed1i), trong \u0111\u00f3 chloride ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 55%. Quy \u0111\u1ed5i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang:<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#0b4028;color:#fff;border-radius:8px;padding:18px;margin:18px 0;text-align:center\">\n<p style=\"margin:0;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0.3px\"><strong>1\u2030 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n  \u2248  550 mg\/L Cl\u207b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:8px 0 0;opacity:0.9;line-height:1.55\"><em>Suy ra t\u1eeb t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n: 35\u2030 ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 19,4 g\/L chloride.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">L\u01b0u \u00fd th\u00eam: h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 550 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n. \u1ede v\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00e8n, n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ebfng khoan ho\u1eb7c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7n n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1ed1c sunfat \u2013 cacbonat, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 chloride tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng mu\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, khi \u0111\u00f3 <strong>b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111o chloride tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\"><strong>c) V\u00ec sao h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 K l\u00e0 1,7 \u2013 1,8<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin:0 0 14px 22px;line-height:1.65\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">1.000 m\u00b3 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 1.000.000 l\u00edt.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">1 ppm = 1 mg\/L. \u0110\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng 1 ppm chloride cho 1.000 m\u00b3 c\u1ea7n 1.000.000 mg, t\u1ee9c 1 kg chloride nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">Mu\u1ed1i \u0103n (NaCl) ch\u1ee9a 60,66% chloride v\u00e0 39,34% natri theo kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 1 kg chloride c\u1ea7n 1 \u00f7 0,6066 \u2248 <strong>1,65 kg NaCl nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">Mu\u1ed1i tinh th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea1t 97\u201399% NaCl \u2192 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n l\u00ean <strong>K = 1,7<\/strong>. Mu\u1ed1i h\u1ea1t ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t 90\u201395% NaCl \u2192 <strong>K = 1,8<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"2-3-vi-du-tinh-mau\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">2.3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u00ednh m\u1eabu<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\"><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho ao n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">Ao 3.000 m\u00b3, test nhanh \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b = 3 mg\/L, \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n 0\u2030, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng mu\u1ed1i h\u1ea1t (K = 1,8).<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin:0 0 14px 22px;line-height:1.65\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">Chloride c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t: 10 \u00d7 3 = <strong>30 mg\/L<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">Kh\u00f4ng \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chloride, ao n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt n\u00ean l\u1ea5y Cl\u207b<sub>ao<\/sub> = 0.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">M = (3.000 \u00f7 1.000) \u00d7 (30 \u2212 0) \u00d7 1,8 = <strong>162 kg mu\u1ed1i h\u1ea1t<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">Chia 3 l\u1ea7n, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n 54 kg, \u0111\u00e1nh trong 3 ng\u00e0y li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">\u0110\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n ao t\u0103ng th\u00eam: 162 \u00f7 3.000 = 0,054\u2030 \u2014 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"2-4-bang-tra-nhanh-lieu-muoi-cho-1-000-m%c2%b3-gia-dinh-cl%e2%81%bbao-0\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">2.4. B\u1ea3ng tra nhanh li\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1i cho 1.000 m\u00b3 (gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh Cl\u207b<sub>ao<\/sub> = 0)<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"gf-tablewrap\" style=\"overflow-x:auto;margin:14px 0 20px\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.5;min-width:520px\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#4a9d3f;color:#fff;text-align:center\"><strong>NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (mg\/L)<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#4a9d3f;color:#fff;text-align:center\"><strong>Cl\u207b c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t <\/strong><br \/><strong>(mg\/L)<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#4a9d3f;color:#fff;text-align:center\"><strong>Mu\u1ed1i tinh, K=1,7 (kg)<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#4a9d3f;color:#fff;text-align:center\"><strong>Mu\u1ed1i h\u1ea1t, K=1,8 (kg)<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#4a9d3f;color:#fff;text-align:center\"><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n t\u0103ng th\u00eam (\u2030)<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">5<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">8,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">0,009<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">1,0<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">17<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">18<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">0,018<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">2,0<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">20<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">34<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">36<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">0,036<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">3,0<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">30<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">51<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">54<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">0,054<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">5,0<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">50<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">85<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">90<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">0,090<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">7,0<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">70<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">119<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">126<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">0,126<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">10,0<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">100<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">170<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">180<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">0,180<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">C\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng b\u1ea3ng: tra li\u1ec1u theo c\u1ed9t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p r\u1ed3i <strong>nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ngh\u00ecn m\u00b3 c\u1ee7a ao<\/strong>. Ao 2.500 m\u00b3 c\u00f3 NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b = 5 mg\/L, d\u00f9ng mu\u1ed1i h\u1ea1t: 90 \u00d7 2,5 = 225 kg. N\u1ebfu \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chloride trong ao (ho\u1eb7c ao c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n n\u1ec1n), h\u00e3y tr\u1eeb gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi c\u1ed9t \u201cCl\u207b c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t\u201d r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi tra.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"2-5-gioi-han-cua-bien-phap-bon-dieu-can-phai-nho\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">2.5. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p: b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"margin:0 0 14px 22px;line-height:1.65\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>Mu\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nitrit: <\/strong>Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b \u0111o trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn cao sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh mu\u1ed1i. B\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p thay n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1ea3m cho \u0103n v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng vi sinh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n t\u0103ng l\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u1edf li\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean: <\/strong>M\u1ee9c t\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00fang l\u01b0\u1ee3ng mu\u1ed1i (kg) chia cho th\u1ec3 t\u00edch ao (m\u00b3), th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 0,05 \u2013 0,2\u2030, r\u1ea5t xa ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng 10 \u2013 12\u2030 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 tra. R\u1ee7i ro ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t sinh khi \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>Oxy h\u00f2a tan quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: <\/strong>Khi ao c\u00f3 NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b cao, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y qu\u1ea1t\/s\u1ee5c kh\u00ed t\u1ed1i \u0111a. C\u00e1 \u0111ang mang methemoglobin ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu oxy trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb 3 ppm tr\u1edf l\u00ean.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>Vi sinh v\u1eadt nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m: <\/strong>\u1ede li\u1ec1u t\u00ednh to\u00e1n theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh mu\u1ed1i li\u1ec1u cao l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 vi sinh nitrat h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ao n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"3-tan-suat-su-dung-va-cac-luu-y-quan-trong\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:3px solid #4a9d3f\">3. T\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u01b0u \u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh mu\u1ed1i <strong>kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh theo s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y<\/strong>. N\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: <em>bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b<\/em> v\u00e0 <em>t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t thay n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a chloride l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o c\u1ea1nh tranh ion \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. N\u00f3 <strong>kh\u00f4ng bay h\u01a1i, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i theo th\u1eddi gian<\/strong> \u2014 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t \u0111i khi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay ra. Do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f9.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"3-1-danh-bu-khi-thay-nuoc\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">3.1. \u0110\u00e1nh b\u00f9 khi thay n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">L\u01b0\u1ee3ng chloride \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd theo d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00fang theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thay. Thay 20% n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec b\u1ed5 sung l\u1ea1i 20% l\u01b0\u1ee3ng mu\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u1ea3 ao, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 chloride kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb pha lo\u00e3ng xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"3-2-danh-bu-khi-nitrit-lap-dinh-moi\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">3.2. \u0110\u00e1nh b\u00f9 khi nitrit l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec9nh m\u1edbi<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng thay n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b t\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh ph\u1ea7n chloride c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 b\u00f9 v\u00e0o, <strong>theo \u0111\u00fang t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/strong> (10:1, 15:1 hay 20:1). Ch\u1ec9 b\u00f9 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch, kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"3-3-danh-muoi-lien-tuc-khong-han-la-tot\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">3.3. \u0110\u00e1nh mu\u1ed1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t<\/span><\/h3>\n<div style=\"background:#e9f5e3;border-left:5px solid #0b6b34;border-radius:6px;padding:14px 18px;margin:18px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 6px;color:#0b6b34;font-weight:700\"><strong>Quan ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 6px;line-height:1.6\">Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ed9 nu\u00f4i th\u1ea5y NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b v\u1eabn cao sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh mu\u1ed1i n\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh th\u00eam v\u1edbi li\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, v\u00ec ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng mu\u1ed1i l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nitrit. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y <strong>kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang<\/strong> v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m: chloride kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng thay n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n s\u1ebd t\u00edch l\u0169y d\u1ea7n l\u00ean m\u1ee9c g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt v\u00e0 cho h\u1ec7 vi sinh c\u1ee7a ao. <strong>Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f9 mu\u1ed1i khi NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec9nh m\u1edbi, ho\u1eb7c sau khi thay n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/strong> Khi \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n ao \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t 1\u2030 m\u00e0 nitrit v\u1eabn cao, ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n h\u1eb3n sang thay n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p vi sinh, ng\u1eebng \u0111\u00e1nh mu\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3 id=\"3-4-cach-danh-muoi\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">3.4. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh mu\u1ed1i<\/span><\/h3>\n<figure class=\"gf-fig\" style=\"margin:22px 0;padding:0\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 982 682\" width=\"100%\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block\" data-gf-anim=\"1\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nu\u00f4i \u0111\u00e1nh mu\u1ed1i xu\u1ed1ng ao c\u00e1, \u0111\u00e0n c\u00e1 b\u01a1i trong ao\"><title>\u0110\u00e1nh mu\u1ed1i xu\u1ed1ng ao nu\u00f4i \u2013 h\u00f2a tan v\u00e0 t\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1<\/title><defs><filter id=\"gfRipple\" x=\"-5%\" y=\"-5%\" width=\"110%\" height=\"110%\"><feTurbulence type=\"fractalNoise\" baseFrequency=\"0.011 0.028\" numOctaves=\"2\" seed=\"4\" result=\"t\"><animate attributeName=\"baseFrequency\" values=\"0.011 0.028;0.014 0.020;0.009 0.030;0.011 0.028\" dur=\"9s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/feTurbulence><feDisplacementMap in=\"SourceGraphic\" in2=\"t\" scale=\"5\" xChannelSelector=\"R\" yChannelSelector=\"G\"\/><\/filter><clipPath id=\"gfPonds\"><path d=\"M 348,397 L 360,424 L 389,441 L 396,437 L 405,441 L 408,452 L 530,522 L 562,526 L 561,521 L 565,520 L 573,528 L 589,531 L 610,529 L 613,523 L 629,526 L 655,522 L 702,495 L 713,474 L 702,446 L 532,348 L 475,339 L 406,348 L 360,374 Z\"\/><path d=\"M 683,211 L 686,238 L 705,256 L 710,271 L 691,291 L 695,321 L 718,333 L 725,327 L 723,338 L 759,359 L 766,359 L 829,399 L 838,399 L 839,392 L 846,397 L 881,392 L 928,364 L 937,338 L 927,317 L 757,219 L 695,209 Z\"\/><\/clipPath><\/defs><image href=\"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ao-nuoi-ca-danh-muoi-nen.png\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"982\" height=\"682\"\/><g class=\"gf-ripple\" clip-path=\"url(#gfPonds)\" filter=\"url(#gfRipple)\"><image href=\"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/ao-nuoi-ca-danh-muoi-nen.png\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"982\" height=\"682\"\/><\/g><g transform=\"translate(669.5,403)\"><g><animateTransform attributeName=\"transform\" type=\"translate\" values=\"0,0;0,-2.5;0,0.8;0,0\" dur=\"3.4s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\" calcMode=\"spline\" keySplines=\"0.4 0 0.6 1;0.4 0 0.6 1;0.4 0 0.6 1\"\/><image href=\"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/nguoi-nuoi-danh-muoi-xuong-ao.png\" x=\"-42.5\" y=\"-196\" width=\"85\" height=\"196\"\/><\/g><\/g><circle cx=\"520\" cy=\"430\" r=\"5\" fill=\"#eafff4\" opacity=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"cy\" values=\"430;404\" dur=\"6s\" begin=\"0s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><animate attributeName=\"opacity\" values=\"0;0.5;0\" dur=\"6s\" begin=\"0s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/circle><circle cx=\"470\" cy=\"455\" r=\"4\" fill=\"#eafff4\" opacity=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"cy\" values=\"455;429\" dur=\"7s\" begin=\"2.5s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><animate attributeName=\"opacity\" values=\"0;0.5;0\" dur=\"7s\" begin=\"2.5s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/circle><circle cx=\"800\" cy=\"300\" r=\"4.5\" fill=\"#eafff4\" opacity=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"cy\" values=\"300;274\" dur=\"6.5s\" begin=\"1.2s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><animate attributeName=\"opacity\" values=\"0;0.5;0\" dur=\"6.5s\" begin=\"1.2s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/circle><circle cx=\"760\" cy=\"330\" r=\"3.5\" fill=\"#eafff4\" opacity=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"cy\" values=\"330;304\" dur=\"8s\" begin=\"4s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><animate attributeName=\"opacity\" values=\"0;0.5;0\" dur=\"8s\" begin=\"4s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\"\/><\/circle><\/svg><figcaption style=\"margin-top:8px;color:#4c5a51;font-style:italic;text-align:center;line-height:1.5\">H\u00f2a tan mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 t\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1eafp ao, t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n ch\u1ea1y qu\u1ea1t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul style=\"margin:0 0 14px 22px;line-height:1.65\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">Chia li\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh ra <strong>2 \u2013 3 l\u1ea7n<\/strong>, \u0111\u00e1nh trong 2 \u2013 3 ng\u00e0y li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">H\u00f2a tan mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1ea1t, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1t v\u00e0o lu\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea1t n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e1y s\u1ee5c kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">Kh\u00f4ng r\u1ea3i mu\u1ed1i kh\u00f4 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1ng xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c ao \u2192 mu\u1ed1i s\u1ebd ch\u00ecm v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n cao c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">N\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n ch\u1ea1y qu\u1ea1t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng mu\u1ed1i iod ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed1i c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng v\u00f3n. <\/strong>C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1. Ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng mu\u1ed1i h\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 gia.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">C\u1ea7n kho\u1ea3ng <strong>24 gi\u1edd<\/strong> sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh mu\u1ed1i th\u00ec t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u00e1u n\u00e2u m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3ng v\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e1nh th\u00eam li\u1ec1u trong v\u00f2ng 24 gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">Ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b, chloride v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n sau 24 gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"3-5-duy-tri-chloride-nen-nhu-mot-khoan-bao-hiem\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">3.5. Duy tr\u00ec chloride n\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n \u201cb\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m\u201d<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">Nitrit c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, nhanh h\u01a1n t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t \u0111o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nu\u00f4i. V\u00ec v\u1eady c\u1ea7n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c <strong>duy tr\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c 100 mg\/L chloride trong ao<\/strong> \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec7m s\u1eb5n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t nitrit t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt. V\u1edbi ao 1.000 m\u00b3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt, m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng 180 kg mu\u1ed1i h\u1ea1t, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n t\u0103ng 0,18\u2030 \u2014 v\u1eabn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n an to\u00e0n cho c\u00e1 tra.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u00ean \u0111o t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ea1m amoniac (TAN) h\u1eb1ng tu\u1ea7n: <strong>m\u1ed7i 1 mg\/L TAN c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh kho\u1ea3ng 3 mg\/L nitrit<\/strong> trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn. TAN t\u0103ng l\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb mu\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nitrit k\u1ecbp l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i chloride sau m\u01b0a l\u1edbn ho\u1eb7c sau khi c\u1ea5p b\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ebfng, v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u pha lo\u00e3ng chloride.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"3-6-lua-chon-thay-the-canxi-clorua-cacl2\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">3.6. L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thay th\u1ebf: canxi clorua (CaCl<sub>2<\/sub>)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">CaCl<sub>2<\/sub> ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 64% chloride &#8211; cao h\u01a1n NaCl &#8211; n\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u00edt kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n (h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 K \u2248 1,6 cho lo\u1ea1i 94\u201396%). \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam Ca\u00b2\u207a gi\u00fap \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o mang v\u00e0 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi <strong>kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng Na\u207a<\/strong>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc cho ao n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong v\u1ee5. Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n mu\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\"><em>Tomasso v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 (1980)<\/em> so s\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hai ngu\u1ed3n chloride tr\u00ean c\u00e1 nheo: \u1edf m\u1ee9c 10 mg\/L nitrit, c\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng 15 mg\/L chloride d\u1ea1ng CaCl<sub>2<\/sub> c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c methemoglobin th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi d\u00f9ng NaCl; \u1edf m\u1ee9c 60 mg\/L chloride th\u00ec hai ngu\u1ed3n cho hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, <strong>\u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a CaCl<sub>2<\/sub> th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t khi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chloride b\u1ed5 sung c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"4-muoi-hat-muoi-tinh-va-nuoc-ot\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:3px solid #4a9d3f\">4. Mu\u1ed1i h\u1ea1t, mu\u1ed1i tinh v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t<\/span><\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"4-1-su-khac-biet-cua-ba-loai\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">4.1. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ba lo\u1ea1i<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">Mu\u1ed1i h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t (bittern) kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 NaCl l\u1eabn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bay h\u01a1i v\u00e0 <strong>k\u1ebft tinh ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n<\/strong> c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin:0 0 14px 22px;line-height:1.65\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>Mu\u1ed1i h\u1ea1t<\/strong> l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m k\u1ebft tinh ch\u00ednh khi n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n bay h\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng NaCl r\u1ea5t cao (90\u201395%).<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>Mu\u1ed1i tinh (mu\u1ed1i \u0103n)<\/strong> l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i h\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 qua r\u1eeda v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea1t 97\u201399% NaCl.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t<\/strong> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i sau khi mu\u1ed1i h\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft tinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu ho\u1ea1ch. Dung d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e3o h\u00f2a NaCl, nh\u01b0ng do n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c mu\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c (magie clorua, magie sunfat, kali clorua) t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt n\u00ean <strong>t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 NaCl tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn h\u00f2a tan gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh<\/strong>. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1eb7n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t ch\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafng, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c mu\u1ed1i magie v\u00e0 kali t\u00edch t\u1ee5 sau khi NaCl \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch ra g\u1ea7n h\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"4-2-bang-so-sanh-thanh-phan\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">4.2. B\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"gf-tablewrap\" style=\"overflow-x:auto;margin:14px 0 20px\">\n<table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.5;min-width:520px\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#4a9d3f;color:#fff;text-align:center\"><strong>Ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#4a9d3f;color:#fff;text-align:center\"><strong>Mu\u1ed1i tinh<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#4a9d3f;color:#fff;text-align:center\"><strong>Mu\u1ed1i h\u1ea1t<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#4a9d3f;color:#fff;text-align:center\"><strong>N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t (28,5 \u2013 29 \u00b0B\u00e9)<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">Natri clorua (NaCl)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">97 \u2013 99%<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">90 \u2013 95%<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">\u2248 20%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">Magie clorua (MgCl<sub>2<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">v\u1ebft<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">0,3 \u2013 1,5%<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">\u2248 8,4%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">Magie sunfat (MgSO<sub>4<\/sub>)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">v\u1ebft<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">0,2 \u2013 1,0%<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">\u2248 5,4%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">Kali clorua (KCl)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">v\u1ebft<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">v\u1ebft<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">\u2248 1,8%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">T\u1ed5ng chloride (Cl\u207b)<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">59 \u2013 60%<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">55 \u2013 58%<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">167 \u2013 196 g\/L<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">T\u1ed5ng ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn h\u00f2a tan<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">\u2014<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">\u2248 350 g\/L (\u2248 290\u2030)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \/ t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">Tinh th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">Tinh th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">Dung d\u1ecbch, 1,24 \u2013 1,26 g\/mL<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 K d\u00f9ng trong c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">1,7<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">1,8<\/td>\n<td style=\"border:1px solid #cfe3c6;padding:8px 10px;vertical-align:top;background:#e9f5e3\">d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ri\u00eang<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">S\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u mu\u1ed1i r\u1eafn t\u00ednh theo % kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t t\u00ednh theo % kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean th\u1ec3 t\u00edch (g\/100 mL), l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 thu h\u1ed3i kho\u00e1ng t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t bi\u1ec3n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng ch\u00e9o: 20% NaCl + 8,4% MgCl<sub>2<\/sub> + 1,8% KCl quy ra chloride cho kho\u1ea3ng 192 g\/L, kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp 193 g\/L \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t 29 \u00b0B\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\"><strong><em>M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m hay b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m<\/em><\/strong>: n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t <em>kh\u00f4ng<\/em> ngh\u00e8o NaCl nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129. \u1ede 29 \u00b0B\u00e9 n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 20% NaCl v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng chloride t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1i b\u00e3o h\u00f2a. C\u00e1i gi\u1ea3m \u0111i l\u00e0 <strong>t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 NaCl tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn h\u00f2a tan<\/strong>, v\u00ec magie v\u00e0 kali t\u00edch t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i sau khi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn NaCl \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft tinh \u2014 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u1ecb ch\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafng.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch gi\u1eefa h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 1,7 v\u00e0 1,8 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m cao v\u1edbi nitrit ho\u1eb7c trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng, n\u00ean <strong>n\u00e2ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 duy tr\u00ec l\u00ean 15:1 ho\u1eb7c 20:1<\/strong> (t\u1ee9c thay h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 10 trong c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng 15 ho\u1eb7c 20) thay v\u00ec tinh ch\u1ec9nh h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 K.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"4-3-cong-thuc-tinh-luong-nuoc-ot\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">4.3. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t<\/span><\/h3>\n<div style=\"background:#0b4028;color:#fff;border-radius:8px;padding:18px;margin:18px 0;text-align:center\">\n<p style=\"margin:0;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0.3px\"><strong>V<sub>\u00f3t<\/sub> (l\u00edt) = [ (10 \u00d7 NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b \u2212 Cl\u207b<sub>ao<\/sub>) \u00d7 V<sub>ao<\/sub> \u00d7 1.000 ] \u00f7 Cl\u207b<sub>\u00f3t<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:8px 0 0;opacity:0.9;line-height:1.55\"><em>V<sub>ao<\/sub> t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng m\u00b3; Cl\u207b<sub>\u00f3t<\/sub> l\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chloride c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t, t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng mg\/L.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n (<strong>28 \u2013 30 \u00b0B\u00e9<\/strong>) c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chloride \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb <strong>167.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 196.000 mg\/L<\/strong> (t\u1ee9c 167 \u2013 196 kg chloride trong 1 m\u00b3). N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o, l\u1ea5y gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung b\u00ecnh <strong>Cl\u207b<sub>\u00f3t<\/sub> = 180.000 mg\/L<\/strong>. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t d\u01b0\u1edbi 25 \u00b0B\u00e9 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb pha lo\u00e3ng; khi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb Cl\u207b<sub>\u00f3t<\/sub> t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c t\u0103ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#e9f5e3;border-left:5px solid #0b6b34;border-radius:6px;padding:14px 18px;margin:18px 0\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 6px;color:#0b6b34;font-weight:700\"><strong>Quy \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh gi\u1eefa n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 6px;line-height:1.6\">1 l\u00edt n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t \u0111\u1ea1t chu\u1ea9n \u2248 180 g chloride \u2248 <strong>0,3 kg mu\u1ed1i tinh<\/strong>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, <strong>1 m\u00b3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t thay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng 300 kg mu\u1ed1i<\/strong>. D\u00f9ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh chi ph\u00ed gi\u1eefa hai l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\"><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong> ao 3.000 m\u00b3, NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b = 3 mg\/L, Cl\u207b<sub>ao<\/sub> = 0, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t 180.000 mg\/L Cl\u207b \u2192 V<sub>\u00f3t<\/sub> = (30 \u00d7 3.000 \u00d7 1.000) \u00f7 180.000 = <strong>500 l\u00edt n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"4-4-luu-y-khi-su-dung-nuoc-ot\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-left:12px;border-left:5px solid #4a9d3f\">4.4. L\u01b0u \u00fd khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul style=\"margin:0 0 14px 22px;line-height:1.65\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>Ph\u1ea3i pha lo\u00e3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u00f9ng: <\/strong>N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n n\u01b0\u1edbc ao r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u (t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng ~1,26). N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed5 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c ao, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u00ecm ngay xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y s\u1ed1c c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 cho c\u00e1. C\u00e1ch l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 pha lo\u00e3ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o lu\u1ed3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y qu\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a tan \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1eafp ao.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>Theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec1m: <\/strong>N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t r\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u magie (Mg\u00b2\u207a). N\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thay n\u01b0\u1edbc trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nu\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u00ecn chung c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee9ng c\u00e1 tra, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng pH qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>Ki\u1ec3m tra nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00e8n s\u1eaft: <\/strong>N\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf qu\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eaft n\u1eb7ng. S\u1eaft cao b\u00e1m l\u00ean mang c\u00e1, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n c\u00e1 b\u1ed1 m\u1eb9. Kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>B\u1ed5 sung kho\u00e1ng l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch k\u00e8m theo: <\/strong>Trong nu\u00f4i tr\u1ed3ng th\u1ee7y s\u1ea3n, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed5 sung kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t cho ao ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1eb7n \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n \u2014 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m so v\u1edbi mu\u1ed1i h\u1ea1t khi ao thi\u1ebfu kho\u00e1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"5-xu-ly-tan-goc-nguon-phat-sinh-nitrit\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:3px solid #4a9d3f\">5. X\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t sinh nitrit<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\">Mu\u1ed1i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea5p c\u1ee9u. Nitrit trong ao l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trung gian c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a: amoniac \u2192 nitrit \u2192 nitrat. Nitrit t\u00edch t\u1ee5 khi <strong>t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00f3m vi khu\u1ea9n oxy h\u00f3a nitrit chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a ti\u1ebfp<\/strong>. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin:0 0 14px 22px;line-height:1.65\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>Cho \u0103n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u01b0 l\u1eafng xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1y: <\/strong>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t, g\u00e2y gia t\u0103ng amoniac r\u1ed3i k\u00e9o theo gia t\u0103ng nitrit ch\u1ec9 sau v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y. V\u00ec v\u1eady c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m 30\u201350% kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n ngay khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nitrit cao v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd ngay sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>Oxy \u0111\u00e1y ao th\u1ea5p: <\/strong>Nh\u00f3m vi khu\u1ea9n oxy h\u00f3a nitrit (<em>Nitrobacter, Nitrospira<\/em>) l\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n hi\u1ebfu kh\u00ed b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi thi\u1ebfu oxy h\u01a1n nh\u00f3m oxy h\u00f3a amoniac. Thi\u1ebfu oxy \u0111\u00e1y l\u00e0m m\u1eaft x\u00edch th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i nitrat h\u00f3a b\u1ecb ngh\u1ebdn, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 Nitrit.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>\u0110\u1ed9 ki\u1ec1m th\u1ea5p: <\/strong>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nitrat h\u00f3a ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec1m. Khi \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec1m xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 60 mg\/L CaCO<sub>3<\/sub>, ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh vi khu\u1ea9n gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh. B\u1ed5 sung v\u00f4i dolomite ho\u1eb7c sodium bicarbonate \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec1m 80 \u2013 120 mg\/L.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>V\u1eeba s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c s\u00e1t tr\u00f9ng: <\/strong>Chlorine, BKC, thu\u1ed1c t\u00edm di\u1ec7t lu\u00f4n h\u1ec7 vi sinh nitrat h\u00f3a. Nitrit th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt 3 \u2013 7 ng\u00e0y sau khi s\u00e1t tr\u00f9ng ao. C\u1ea7n c\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i vi sinh sau m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\"><strong>Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 nu\u00f4i qu\u00e1 cao: <\/strong>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng vi sinh trong khi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 12px;line-height:1.65\"><strong>Ph\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 x\u1eed l\u00fd khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nitrit v\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng: <\/strong>(1) ch\u1ea1y qu\u1ea1t\/s\u1ee5c kh\u00ed t\u1ed1i \u0111a; (2) gi\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0ng cho \u0103n 1 \u2013 2 ng\u00e0y; (3) \u0111\u00e1nh mu\u1ed1i theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u1edf M\u1ee5c 2 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1 ngay; (4) thay 20 \u2013 30% n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ebfu ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5p s\u1ea1ch, nh\u1edb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f9 mu\u1ed1i theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thay; (5) c\u1ea5y vi sinh v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ec1m; (6) \u0111o l\u1ea1i NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u207b m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y cho t\u1edbi khi v\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"gf-fig\" style=\"margin:22px 0;padding:0\">\n<div class=\"gf-scroll\">\n<div class=\"gf-scroll-in\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1725 914\" width=\"100%\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block\" data-gf-anim=\"1\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"6 b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nitrit cao\"><title>6 b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nitrit cao trong ao<\/title><image href=\"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/6-buoc-xu-ly-nitrit-cao-nen.png\" x=\"0\" y=\"0\" width=\"1725\" height=\"914\"\/><g transform=\"translate(164.0,311.0)\"><g opacity=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"opacity\" values=\"0;1\" 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begin=\"2.15s\" fill=\"freeze\"\/><g><animateTransform attributeName=\"transform\" type=\"translate\" values=\"0,26;0,0\" dur=\"0.65s\" begin=\"2.15s\" fill=\"freeze\" calcMode=\"spline\" keySplines=\"0.16 0.9 0.3 1\"\/><g><animateTransform attributeName=\"transform\" type=\"scale\" values=\"0.55;1.08;1\" keyTimes=\"0;0.7;1\" dur=\"0.65s\" begin=\"2.15s\" fill=\"freeze\" calcMode=\"spline\" keySplines=\"0.2 0.8 0.3 1;0.4 0 0.2 1\"\/><g><animateTransform attributeName=\"transform\" type=\"translate\" values=\"0,0;0,-7;0,0\" dur=\"5.15s\" begin=\"2.8499999999999996s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\" calcMode=\"spline\" keySplines=\"0.4 0 0.6 1;0.4 0 0.6 1\"\/><image href=\"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/buoc-5-xu-ly-nitrit.png\" x=\"-140.0\" y=\"-140.0\" width=\"280\" height=\"280\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/g><g transform=\"translate(1459.0,204.0)\"><g opacity=\"0\"><animate attributeName=\"opacity\" values=\"0;1\" dur=\"0.4s\" begin=\"2.6s\" fill=\"freeze\"\/><g><animateTransform attributeName=\"transform\" type=\"translate\" values=\"0,26;0,0\" dur=\"0.65s\" begin=\"2.6s\" fill=\"freeze\" calcMode=\"spline\" keySplines=\"0.16 0.9 0.3 1\"\/><g><animateTransform attributeName=\"transform\" type=\"scale\" values=\"0.55;1.08;1\" keyTimes=\"0;0.7;1\" dur=\"0.65s\" begin=\"2.6s\" fill=\"freeze\" calcMode=\"spline\" keySplines=\"0.2 0.8 0.3 1;0.4 0 0.2 1\"\/><g><animateTransform attributeName=\"transform\" type=\"translate\" values=\"0,0;0,-5;0,0\" dur=\"5.5s\" begin=\"3.3s\" repeatCount=\"indefinite\" calcMode=\"spline\" keySplines=\"0.4 0 0.6 1;0.4 0 0.6 1\"\/><image href=\"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/buoc-6-xu-ly-nitrit.png\" x=\"-133.0\" y=\"-133.0\" width=\"266\" height=\"266\"\/><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/g><\/svg><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"gf-swipe\" style=\"margin:6px 0 0;text-align:center;color:#7a8a80\">Vu\u1ed1t ngang \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u0111\u1ee7 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/p><figcaption style=\"margin-top:8px;color:#4c5a51;font-style:italic;text-align:center;line-height:1.5\">S\u00e1u b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m ngay khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nitrit cao trong ao.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 id=\"tai-lieu-tham-khao\"><span style=\"display:block;color:#0b6b34;padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:3px solid #4a9d3f\">T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul style=\"margin:0 0 14px 22px;line-height:1.65\">\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">Durborow, R.M., Crosby, D.M. &amp; Brunson, M.W. (1997). <em>Nitrite in Fish Ponds<\/em>. SRAC Publication No. 462, Southern Regional Aquaculture Center.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">Tomasso, J.R., Simco, B.A. &amp; Davis, K.B. (1979). <em>Chloride inhibition of nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)<\/em>. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 36(9): 1141\u20131144.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">Tomasso, J.R., Wright, M.I., Simco, B.A. &amp; Davis, K.B. (1980). <em>Inhibition of nitrite-induced toxicity in channel catfish by calcium chloride and sodium chloride<\/em>. The Progressive Fish-Culturist, 42(3): 144\u2013146.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">Hargreaves, J.A. &amp; Tucker, C.S. (2004). <em>Managing Ammonia in Fish Ponds<\/em>. SRAC Publication No. 4603.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">Boyd, C.E. (2015). <em>Water Quality: An Introduction<\/em> (2nd ed.). Springer International Publishing.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">Boyd, C.E. &amp; Tucker, C.S. (1998). <em>Pond Aquaculture Water Quality Management<\/em>. Kluwer Academic Publishers.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">FAO (1985). <em>Solar Salt Production Technical Manual<\/em>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.<\/li>\n<li style=\"margin-bottom:7px\">Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng mu\u1ed1i bi\u1ec3n, <em>Journal of Water Process Engineering<\/em> (ScienceDirect).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><script>(function(){var s=document.querySelectorAll('svg[data-gf-anim]');if(!s.length)return;var reduce=window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches;if(reduce){s.forEach(function(x){try{x.setCurrentTime(9);x.pauseAnimations();}catch(e){}});return;}if(!('IntersectionObserver' in window))return;var io=new IntersectionObserver(function(es){es.forEach(function(e){if(e.isIntersecting&&!e.target.dataset.gfPlayed){e.target.dataset.gfPlayed='1';try{e.target.unpauseAnimations();e.target.setCurrentTime(0);}catch(x){}io.unobserve(e.target);}});},{threshold:0.25});s.forEach(function(x){try{x.pauseAnimations();x.setCurrentTime(0);}catch(e){}io.observe(x);});})();<\/script><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nitrit (NO\u2082\u207b) g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh m\u00e1u n\u00e2u, l\u00e0m c\u00e1 ng\u1ed9p th\u1edf d\u00f9 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee7 oxy. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng mu\u1ed1i (NaCl) ho\u1eb7c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f3t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nitrit: c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh li\u1ec1u, b\u1ea3ng tra nhanh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3626,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3623","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tu-lieu-ky-thuat"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3623","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3623"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3623\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3630,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3623\/revisions\/3630"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3626"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3623"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3623"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.greenfeed.com.vn\/thuy-san\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3623"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}